Tuesday, July 8, 2025

Building Connections: How Cross-Curricular Design Brings Pharmacology to Life

When I started mapping out the curriculum for Pharmacology, I wanted students to feel the connection between what they learn in the classroom and what they do in clinic. One of the best ways to make that happen? Weaving in cross-curricular components that tie pharmacology to the bigger picture, for example, like local anesthesia, pathology, and cultural competency.

When students see how pharmacologic knowledge directly supports patient care, the material starts to click. They don’t just memorize drug names; they understand why they’re choosing one medication over another and how that choice impacts real people. It’s one thing to learn about antifungal medications, but it hits differently when you connect it to a case they’ve seen in clinic or bring in pathology to explain the why behind the infection.

These crossovers also help students connect the dots between past courses and what’s ahead. The feedback has been pretty clear: this approach keeps the course feeling fresh and makes learning feel more meaningful. Cross-curricular mapping strengthens continuity throughout a program and helps students make sense of their journey as learners (Kumm et al, 2019).


Cultural Diversity and Differentiation: Designed from the Start

From the beginning, I wanted to add more cultural diversity and differentiation to my curriculum map.  One size doesn’t fit all, and it shouldn’t have to.

For cultural diversity, the course includes having ethics-based conversations, patient care planning with cultural considerations, and resources like multilingual materials and culturally relevant case studies. I want students to think beyond the pharmacology textbook and consider who they’re helping and how culture shapes that care.

Differentiation plays a huge role too. Some weeks we lean into visuals, others are more auditory or hands-on. Scavenger hunts, case planning, flexible assignments — I’ve tried to give students space to work from their strengths without lowering expectations. The goal is to achieve the same outcomes in ways that make sense for different kinds of learners. This approach lines up with Drysdale’s (2019) Collaborative Mapping Model, which emphasizes relationship-centered design that supports authentic learning.


How Technology Fits In

Tech has made all of this easier and a lot more fun. We’ve used Padlet for collaborative brainstorming, I am adding EdPuzzle to pause videos and reflect, and Google Slides for asynchronous group projects. These tools help students review content at their own pace and give them more chances to share their perspective.

Even something simple like watching a short clip from another country’s healthcare system can spark deeper conversations and help students consider care from a global lens. That kind of exposure matters, especially when we’re training future providers to treat patients from all backgrounds.


Staying Aligned with Program Goals

I’m proud of how this course lines up with our Dental Hygiene Program Core Competencies. Every module supports clinical safety, communication, ethics, and critical thinking — all pillars of our program. For students, that means nothing is random. Every case study, quiz, or discussion links back to what they’ll need in the clinic or out in the field.

For instructors, that alignment makes it easier to track progress, adjust plans, and make sure everyone is on the same page. It keeps us grounded and gives the course structure that helps students thrive (Sekulich, 2019).


References (for the nerdy readers like me)

Drysdale, J. (2019). The collaborative mapping model: Relationship-centered instructional design for higher education. Online Learning, 23(3), 56–71. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v23i3.2058.

Kumm, B. E., et al. (2019). The Benefits of Collaboration: From Curriculum Mapping to a Community of Practice. SCHOLE, 34(2), 71-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/1937156X.2019.1622944.

Sekulich, K. M. (2019). Curriculum and Assessment Alignment Mapping. Lutheran Education, 155(2), 33–39.

Wednesday, July 2, 2025

Curriculum Enhancement Resources for Adult Learners: Local and Global Connections that Matter


A meaningful curriculum goes beyond content. It should help students connect classroom learning with their community and the larger world. In healthcare education, that connection matters. Patient care is never just about the textbook. It is about real people, real decisions, and sometimes real headaches when the software freezes during clinic.

While planning new content, I went down more than one research rabbit hole in search of tools that could make learning more relevant and flexible. Some of these resources I have used before. Others I found during my late-night curriculum-design sessions that may or may not have included snacks and talking to my dog like he was on the planning committee. All of them offer potential for helping students think more broadly, learn more deeply, and occasionally stop asking, “Will this be on the test?”


Differentiation Tools

Kahoot!
This quiz platform turns review into a game show. Think “Jeopardy” with less pressure and more yelling. Students race to answer questions, and everyone has a good time—even the quiet ones who pretend they do not care but secretly want to win.
Local and Global Use: Kahoot! can be played in class or shared remotely. Plus, the public quiz library is basically the educator version of thrift shopping—sometimes you strike gold.

Read and Write for Google Chrome
This toolbar supports auditory learners and students who benefit from text-to-speech, highlighting, or translation tools. It is like giving your Google Doc a voice and a little empathy.
Local and Global Use: It works online, so students can use it at home, at school, or wherever they feel inspired to study. Yes, even in their car before class starts.

Flexible Assignment Options
Letting students choose how they show what they know leads to better work and fewer complaints. Video projects, infographics, traditional writing—it is a buffet of creativity.
Local and Global Use: Students can explore topics related to their own communities or broader global issues. And if someone wants to create a pharmacology rap video? Let them live their dream.


Enrichment and Extension Ideas

Coursera
Coursera offers a world of courses from respected universities. These are perfect for students who say, “I just want to know more” or “This is actually kind of interesting,” which is code for “I’m about to go down a rabbit hole.”
Local and Global Use: Students get access to instructors and content from around the world, which means they can hear perspectives beyond our zip code and see how other countries handle healthcare. Spoiler: It varies.

Guest Speakers and Webinars
Inviting professionals to share their experience reminds students that there are real humans doing this work every day. Bonus if the speaker has a story involving an odd reaction to a medication or a surprise alpaca at a mobile clinic.
Local and Global Use: Speakers can join virtually from anywhere, which helps students see how care practices differ across regions and cultures. And no one has to find parking.

Case Study Analysis
Students work through patient scenarios that challenge their ability to think critically, apply pharmacology, and ask the eternal question, “What were they thinking?”
Local and Global Use: Cases from different populations expand students’ understanding of health disparities, treatment norms, and the fact that not every patient reads their prescription label the same way.


Collaboration and Self-Directed Learning

Padlet
Padlet is like a digital bulletin board but without the tacks and awkward paper scraps. Students can post reflections, share research, and respond to each other without hitting “reply all.”
Local and Global Use: It supports collaboration no matter where students are learning. It also feels more fun than discussion boards, which sometimes read like an awkward family email chain.

Peer Teaching and Study Groups
Study groups are where the real magic happens—also where snacks tend to appear. Students learn from one another, test ideas out loud, and sometimes realize they do not quite understand that one concept they were “pretty sure about.”
Local and Global Use: These groups work in person or virtually. Students can even connect across programs for a fresh take on the same material. Group work has come a long way from “just put my name on it.”


Supporting Cultural Diversity

TED Talks and YouTube Health Series
Video content gives students a window into healthcare experiences that go beyond their own. Patient stories, global health challenges, and culturally specific care practices are just a click away.
Local and Global Use: These tools help students explore how beliefs, customs, and access shape care. Plus, no one forgets the emotional punch of a well-told TED Talk.

Community Health Projects
There is nothing like real-world experience to build understanding. Students partner with local clinics or outreach programs to explore how culture influences healthcare decisions.
Local and Global Use: Projects like these help students see the person behind the prescription. It is one thing to read about disparities. It is another to talk to someone who lives it.


Every resource listed here supports the bigger goal: helping students make sense of what they are learning and why it matters. Curriculum should reflect the world our students are preparing to work in—messy, meaningful, and full of people who need their knowledge and compassion. Even if they still forget their safety glasses every now and then.



References:
Coursera
Kahoot!
Read&Write for Google Chrome
Padlet
YouTube

Wednesday, June 18, 2025

Finding My Rhythm: How a Pacing Guide Helps Me Teach with Purpose

Planning for the 2025–2026 Academic Year 

Heading into my second year teaching in the dental hygiene program, I’ve been thinking a lot about what helped me stay grounded during that first year. One thing that made a real difference was the pacing guide I used for my courses. I inherited it from the previous professor, and it gave me a clear sense of direction. It helped me keep things organized while I found my footing and got to know the flow of the academic calendar and clinic schedule.

This year, I am being more intentional. I’ve taken that original pacing guide and made adjustments that reflect my teaching style and priorities. I’ve built in more opportunities for clinical connection and collaboration across courses. My pacing guide for Pharmacology in the fall and Clinic IV Seminar in the spring follows our school's academic calendar and includes key program events like Vendor Day, Mock Boards, and Stop Day. I want students to see how everything connects, and I want to feel confident in how I guide them through that process.

Why I Use a Pacing Guide

I used to think pacing guides were just for staying on schedule. Now I see them as a tool for staying intentional and aligned. The guide helps me:

  • Keep content connected to real patient care and board prep

  • Align with our school's dental hygiene core competencies, CODA standards and the Kansas Dental Practice Act. 

  • Make space for flexibility while staying focused

  • Create consistency between classroom topics and clinical skill development

It also gives students a clear view of where we are going. They know what to expect each week and how it fits into their larger goals, including licensure and entering the profession with confidence.

What Fall Looks Like in Pharmacology

Students walk into this course with a foundation in anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology. My goal is to build on that foundation and help them apply pharmacology concepts in the context of patient care. We start with drug actions and prescription writing, then move into pain control, antimicrobial agents, and systemic medications.

I have included case studies, interactive reviews, worksheets, and a few self-paced modules to keep things varied. It is not just about memorizing drug names and side effects. I want them to think like providers and feel ready to make safe clinical decisions.

What Spring Brings in my Clinic IV Seminar

This course is where everything starts to come together. Students have already completed several clinical semesters, and now they are preparing for boards, graduation, and their professional roles. I’ve shaped this course to help them think critically about ethics, community health, and professional responsibilities.

There are independent review modules, discussions on informed consent and jurisprudence, resume building, guest speakers, and service learning projects. I’ve included space for reflection because it is important for students to think about what kind of hygienist they want to become. I have also worked in collaborative pieces that connect this course with their clinical experience, so nothing feels like a separate box to check.

What I Learned Last Year and What I’m Doing Differently

Last year I leaned heavily on the guide I was given, and I am grateful for that. It gave me confidence and clarity. This year I am making more intentional connections between content and clinic. I am taking time to check in with students and connect with colleagues to ensure we are working together as a team.

The pacing guide helps me do all of that. It is not just a calendar. It is a tool that keeps me focused on how I want to teach and what kind of learning experience I want to create. If you are a new educator, my advice would be to use what you are given and then grow into it. Make small changes that reflect who you are and how you want to show up for your students. That is what I am learning to do, and it feels like the right kind of progress.

Here’s to a smooth, purposeful academic year ahead!

Tuesday, June 10, 2025

Planning for Success: How Curriculum Maps, Pacing Guides, and Lesson Plans Work Together in Dental Hygiene Education

I just finished my first year of teaching dental hygiene, and what a year it’s been! As someone new to the profession, I’m learning every day—not just about clinical skills and patient care, but also about how important solid planning is to make everything run smoothly. Over time, I’ve come to appreciate three key tools that help me stay organized and keep my students on track: curriculum maps, pacing guides, and lesson plans. Each one serves a different purpose, but together they form the backbone of effective teaching and learning.

What’s a Curriculum Map?

For me, the curriculum map is like a roadmap for the entire year. It shows what students should learn and makes sure everything lines up with the standards and flows well across courses or grade levels. Curriculum maps are usually created by curriculum writers and instructional leaders, but I’m just starting to understand how they shape what I do in the classroom. They follow backward design principles—starting with clear learning goals and planning content around those goals (Archambault & Masunaga, 2015). This big-picture thinking helps keep expectations consistent, which is comforting as I build my own lessons.

How Does a Pacing Guide Fit In?

Once I know what needs to be taught, the pacing guide breaks that down into a timeline I can follow throughout the year. These guides are often developed by instructional leaders and teams with input from teachers, and they help balance going deep on topics with making sure everything gets covered (Johnson-Gerendes, 2015). I’m still getting used to trusting pacing guides and adjusting them based on how my students respond, but they’ve definitely kept me on track during busy semesters.

And the Lesson Plan?

Lesson plans are where I get to get creative and really connect with my students. These daily plans include specific objectives, teaching strategies, and activities that bring the curriculum goals to life. I try to include inquiry-based learning to help my students think critically about what they’re doing (Johnson, Uline, & Perez, 2014). Since every class and clinic day can be different, I appreciate how flexible lesson plans are—they let me adjust as I learn more about my students’ needs.

This infographic was created by D. Trybom using Canva (www.canva.com).

Why Do These Tools Matter Together?

I’m discovering that each tool builds on the one before it:

  • Curriculum maps answer what to teach.

  • Pacing guides answer when to teach it.

  • Lesson plans answer how to teach it.

For a new teacher like me, especially in dental hygiene where clinical and classroom work are so connected, having these tools makes a big difference.

Who’s Behind These Tools?

Curriculum maps are usually put together by curriculum developers and instructional leaders, with input from teams to keep things consistent. Pacing guides come from instructional leaders and grade-level teams, with teacher feedback. Lesson plans? Those are all me—my chance each day to take what’s planned and turn it into learning my students can use.

How Do Design Theories Come Into Play?

Curriculum maps align with backward design and Understanding by Design by starting with learning goals and organizing content around them (Archambault & Masunaga, 2015). Pacing guides follow this structure by sequencing the content thoughtfully across the year (Johnson-Gerendes, 2015). Lesson plans bring inquiry-based learning into practice, encouraging students to engage actively with the material (Johnson, Uline, & Perez, 2014). I’m still learning to balance these theories in my own teaching, but seeing how they connect helps me grow.


Teaching my first year has shown me just how much goes on behind the scenes to help students succeed. These tools help me keep everything organized and focused—so I can focus on what matters most: my students and their learning.

Thanks for following along with me on this journey!


References
Archambault, S. G., & Masunaga, J. (2015). Curriculum mapping as a strategic planning tool. Journal of Library Administration, 55(6), 503–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2015.1054770
Johnson, J. F., Uline, C. L., & Perez, L. G. (2014). The quest for mastery. Educational Leadership, 72(2), 48–53. https://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/oct14/vol72/num02/The-Quest-for-Mastery.aspx
Johnson-Gerendes, C. (2015). Keys to curriculum mapping [Video]. Sage Knowledge. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506321042

Wednesday, May 28, 2025

Incorporating Technology to Support Diverse Learners in Local Anesthesia Instruction

I designed a three-day local anesthesia unit for dental hygiene students that uses technology to support different learning styles and encourage thoughtful discussions about cultural differences in patient care.

Day 1: Visualizing Injection Success

The unit starts with labeled diagrams and color-coded anatomy charts to help students get a clear understanding of the landmarks. Then, students use an interactive anesthesia manikin to explore oral anatomy from different angles. This hands-on experience really helps visual and kinesthetic learners connect textbook knowledge to real-world practice. While the manikin itself doesn’t show anatomical variations, it sparked great conversations about how oral anatomy can differ among populations. Students finish the day by submitting reflection notes on what they observed and how they plan to apply it chairside.

Day 2: Talking Through the Technique

Students use audio recording tools to practice explaining injection steps clearly and in a patient-friendly way. This supports auditory learners and helps everyone improve their communication skills. The recordings also open up discussions on how to adjust explanations for patients with varying health literacy or different cultural expectations. Students share their recordings in small groups and use feedback forms to guide helpful critiques.

Day 3: Do, Demonstrate, Debrief

On the last day, students record themselves demonstrating injection techniques on iPads. Watching their own videos helps them notice posture, hand positioning, and communication habits. During the debrief, students talk about how body language, eye contact, and tone might be interpreted differently across cultures, encouraging empathy and professionalism. The videos are stored securely, and students complete peer reviews and a short reflection.

This unit shows how technology can help meet diverse learning needs while sparking meaningful conversations about cultural variations in care. Technology here supports learning in a practical way, helping students translate knowledge into care for diverse patients. 

American Dental Education Association (ADEA). (2017). ADEA core competencies for graduate dental hygiene education (as approved by the ADEA House of Delegates, March 2016). Journal of Dental Education, 81(7), 861–865. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.0022-0337.2017.81.7.tb06302.x.

American Dental Hygienists’ Association (ADHA). (2024). Scope of practice. https://www.adha.org/advocacy/scope-of-practice/.

Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA). (2022). Accreditation standards for dental hygiene education programs. AmericanDental Association. https://coda.ada.org/standards.

Dentalez. (2025). Oral anesthesia manikin [Product image]. https://dentalez.com/product/oral-anesthesia-manikin/.

Wednesday, May 14, 2025

Reflecting on My First Time Teaching Ethics — and What I Want to Do Differently Next Time

This semester was my first time teaching ethics to dental hygiene students, and honestly, it was a good learning experience for all of us. We stuck mostly to lecture, group discussions, and an individual ethics project. The content was meaningful, but as I reflect on how it went, I can see room to improve how I support different learning styles and backgrounds in the classroom.

Next time around, I want to take a more intentional approach to differentiation. Ethical decision-making is a required competency in our curriculum and a major part of the ADHA Code of Ethics (ADHA, 2023). It is also outlined as a professional responsibility by CODA (Commission on Dental Accreditation, 2023). But beyond checking a box, I want students to feel confident applying these concepts in real clinical scenarios; not just writing about them in a paper.


The "ETHIC" flowchart from the ADA's New Dentist Blog provides a step-by-step guide for evaluating ethical dilemmas in dental practice. [Source: American Dental Association, 2018

I’ve been doing some research and found a few tools and strategies I think could make the content more accessible and a little more interactive. I’d like to use a mix of case-based learning and technology next time. Tools like Kahoot and Padlet can help students review vocabulary or reflect on gray-area scenarios in a more collaborative way. These platforms offer flexible ways for students to engage, whether they feel more comfortable posting anonymously or working as a team (Santori & Smith, 2018).

I also want to build in more formative assessment moments like a card sort to match ethical principles to real-world examples, or a short written reflection where students respond to a case study. Group discussions will still have a place, but I plan to include a visual like a flowchart to walk students through an ethical decision-making process. Adding an infographic of the ADHA Code of Ethics could also help visual learners see the connections between abstract principles and practical situations.

For assessment, I’m leaning toward offering options. Students could present their analysis of a case as a small group, write a reflection, or even create a video response. Giving them some choice in how they demonstrate understanding helps accommodate different strengths, and supports what we know about differentiated assessment practices (Kaur, Noman, & Awang-Hashim, 2018).

I’m excited to bring more structure and variety into this lesson next time. Ethics is not just something we want students to understand, it’s something we want them to live out in practice. That means giving them real opportunities to wrestle with tough decisions, talk it out with their peers, and reflect on their values in a safe space. I think with some thoughtful changes, this unit can get a lot closer to that goal.

References:

American Dental Association. (2018, November 30). Navigating ethical dilemmas as a new dentist. New Dentist Blog. https://newdentistblog.ada.org/navigating-ethical-dilemmas-as-a-new-dentist/

American Dental Hygienists’ Association. (2024). Code of ethics for dental hygienists. https://www.adha.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/ADHA-Code-of-Ethics_FY24_10_18.pdf.

Commission on Dental Accreditation. (2025). Accreditation standards for dental hygiene education programs. American Dental Association. https://coda.ada.org/standards.

International Society for Technology in Education. (n.d.). 30 tools to support diverse learners. https://iste.org/blog/30-tools-for-diverse-learners.

Kaur, A., Noman, M., & Awang-Hashim, R. (2018). Exploring and evaluating differentiated assessment practices of in-service teachers for components of differentiation. Teaching Education, 30(2), 160–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2018.1455084.

Santori, D., & Smith, C. A. (2018). Teaching and learning with iPads to support dialogic construction of multiliteracies. Middle School Journal, 49(1), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00940771.2018.1398944.



Monday, May 5, 2025

Using Learning Style Data to Differentiate in the Dental Hygiene Clinic

Gathering student data doesn’t always require standardized testing or spreadsheets. In my clinical teaching, something as simple as a learning style inventory provided helpful insight for tailoring instruction in ways that fit my students. Using the VAK model, visual, auditory, kinesthetic, I was able to see learning preferences that helped me rethink how I guide, demonstrate, and assess during clinical sessions.

Learning Style Profiles in My Small Group

After having my students complete the VAK inventory from the University of Arkansas (n.d.), I analyzed the results for my five-student group. Ava and Chelsea learned visual, Sarah was clearly auditory, and Jalen and Kenzie were both kinesthetic learners. These preferences aligned with what I’d already seen in their behavior and performance in clinic.

  • Ava and Chelsea (Visual): They respond best to visual tools. Diagrams of nerve blocks, color-coded instrumentation charts, and laminated injection guides can help these two organize information and maintain independence during procedures. Both process visual instructions quickly, which supports their confidence in documentation.
  • Sarah (Auditory): Sarah absorbs and retains spoken information. She tracks verbal feedback well during clinic and at conferences, as well as benefits from hearing expectations repeated. Her strong communication skills also translate to clear patient education, though she still benefits from auditory explanations to accompany written instructions.
  • Jalen and Kenzie (Kinesthetic): These students need to move, touch, and practice. Jalen’s fine motor skills support strong instrumentation when given repeated opportunities to practice. Kenzie, although more reserved, gains confidence when allowed to observe and then try procedures herself. Both benefit from “learn by doing” strategies and hands-on tasks.


As Lucariello et al. (2016) note, students bring different cognitive strengths to learning tasks, and tailoring instruction based on these strengths supports their engagement and retention. In my experience, learning style data often matches what I already notice about how students interact, communicate, and complete tasks physically and emotionally in the operatory.

Applying Learning Styles in Clinic Planning

We don’t always think of clinic as a space for lesson planning, but the same principles apply. Using what I learned from the VAK survey, I can start making intentional adjustments:

  • Visual (Ava & Chelsea): I could offer chairside diagrams and concept maps, especially for local anesthesia. They would also benefit from printed checklists and being shown where to look during assessments.
  • Auditory (Sarah): I’ve started using more verbal walk-throughs of procedures. I’m considering Flip (formerly Flipgrid) for recording verbal reflections or peer feedback, especially since Sarah responds well to discussion and spoken direction.
  • Kinesthetic (Jalen & Kenzie): These two need time to physically manipulate materials. I’ve made space for them to set up trays and explain their setup before starting. Asking them to demonstrate a technique back to me would be a useful formative assessment.

Murawski and Scott (2019) emphasize that Universal Design for Learning calls for varied paths to mastery. These small changes offer multiple means of representation and allow students to approach clinic tasks in ways that match their strengths.

Strengths, Interests, and Individual Growth

I also look at what each student already does well:

  • Kenzie is quiet but notices visual details. She’s often the first to catch radiographic anomalies or subtle tissue changes. I could let her lead peer reviews of intraoral photos.
  • Sarah is natural at patient education and case presentations but needs support writing complete treatment and procedure notes. She does better when we talk through her findings first.
  • Ava and Chelsea like examples. I can share video clips or strong student samples from past cohorts to help them visualize expectations.
  • Jalen gains confidence the more he practices. His kinesthetic learning style makes him fast and efficient once the muscle memory is in place, especially with ultrasonic instrumentation and sharpening.

Matching Assessments to Learning Preferences

In clinic, assessments aren’t always written tests, they’re often practical, verbal, or observational. I could vary how I assess depending on the student’s style:

  • Visual learners can submit a photo log of patient progression or create a visual flowchart of a procedure, and we can review it during our clinic conferences.
  • Auditory learners might record a brief audio reflection about what went well and what they’ll do differently next time.
  • Kinesthetic learners can demonstrate task-based skills or teach a technique to a peer.

Offering choices, like through a simple choice board, helps each student show competence in a way that feels natural for them. As Cooper (2019) explains, digital tools can support personalization in instruction and feedback, especially when used intentionally in clinical education.

Using learning style data doesn’t mean locking students into a single mode of instruction, it just helps me offer more ways for them to succeed. In the dental hygiene clinic, where time is tight and patients are the focus, these small adjustments can make a real difference in student confidence, engagement, and performance.


References

Cooper, L. F. (2019). Digital technology: Impact and opportunities in dental education. Journal of Dental Education. https://doi.org/10.21815/JDE.019.042.

Lucariello, J. M., Nastasi, B. K., Anderman, E. M., Dwyer, C., Ormiston, H., & Skiba, R. (2016). Science supports education: The behavioral research base for psychology’s top 20 principles for enhancing teaching and learning. Mind, Brain, and Education, 10(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/mbe.12099.

Murawski, W. W., & Scott, K. L. (2019). What really works with Universal Design for Learning. Corwin.

University of Arkansas. (n.d.). Learning Styles Inventory (VAK). CLASS+ Student Success. https://success.uark.edu/_resources/downloads/study/tools/learningstylesinventory.pdf.